Comparing One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest and The Crucible...

Power and control are the central ideas of Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. There are examples of physical, authoritative and mechanical power in the novel, as well as cases of self-control, and control over others. Nurse Ratched is the ultimate example of authoritative power and control over others but R.P. McMurphy refuses to acknowledge the Nurse’s power, and encourages others to challenge the status quo. The other patients begin powerless, but with McMurphy’s help, learn to control their own lives. Many symbols are also used to represent power and control in the book, such as the ‘Combine’, ‘fog’, and the imagery of machines. Arthur Miller develops themes of power somewhat differently in his play The Crucible. Because†¦show more content†¦In The Crucible, Miller too created a character that would stand against authority; John Proctor. When Proctor is questioned as to why he has not been to church in so long, he admits that he has ill feelings towards Parris and the way that Parris gives sermons. Proctor does not like authority, and since Parris talks as though he is an authority figure, Proctor has an issue with this. Proctor is very critical over representatives of authority. Proctor changes from a timid character held in bondage by his sin, to a strong, righteous man who will die for the truth. This drastic change in his character is the basis of his significance to the outcome of the play. When faced with the prospect of either confessing to something he didn’t do, or dying, he tells judge Danforth that he cannot have his confession and name nailed to the church door because it would be tray his friends who have already died for the truth. When Danforth refutes this, John says, â€Å"Beguile me not! I blacken all of them when this is nailed to the church the very day they hang for silence!† (143). Proctor seizes the power back from those who are misusing it, simply by refusing to be a part of the false confessions. The unyielding faith of Proctor’s wife, the influence of the people who share his beliefs and his triumph over an inner struggle help him make a decision that he believes will finally set him free from his past. Kesey’s character against power is Randle Patrick McMurphy.

The Ku Klux Klan free essay sample

The Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan was started as an underground terrorist group against the civil rights movement that freed the slaves after the American Civil War. (sun. menloschool. org) The Ku Klux Klan or commonly referred as the KKK would define themselves as a political party, one that they also call the White Rights Movement. Whites, according to the KKK are giving up their lives in a sacrificial manner for those who are not white. (sun. menloschool. org) The KKK was made up of both men and women. Having the first and second Ku Klux Klan affect society and the Freeman’s Bureau that would protect the rights of former slaves would impact society for years to come. The first Ku Klux Klan was an organization that thrived in the South during the Reconstruction period following the Civil War. The first branch of the Ku Klux Klan was established in Pulaski, Tennessee, in May, 1866. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ku Klux Klan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (www. encyclopedia. com) One year later an organization of local members were established in Nashville in April, 1867. During the next two years Klansmen wearing masks, white cardboard hats and draped in white sheets, tortured and killed black Americans and sympathetic whites. Although the Klan was often able to achieve its aims by terror alone, whippings and lynchings were also used, not only against blacks but also against the so-called carpetbaggers and scalawags. (www. encyclopedia. com) The second Ku Klux Klan was a nationwide organization that flourished after World War I and was founded by William J. Simmons. The new Klan had a wider program than its forerunner, for it added to white supremacy. † (www. encyclopedia. com) Subsequent groups calling themselves the Ku Klux Klan sprang up in much of the South after World War II and in response to civil-rights activity during the 1960s. (www. encyclopedia. com) The effects that this group has had on society, however is grossly non debatable. There are all aspects on how this group tries to impact the society. Crimes are the first thing that people will associate with the KKK. They justify that the people who do these crimes are people of hate, who joined for vengeful purposes, and who are not members. (sun. menloschool. org) Known crimes associated with the KKK are burning of black churches, beatings, hanging a noose above people’s doors, or burning crosses on non whites lawns. The Ku Klux Klan has had a large impact on society since World War I. They tortured people who did not have the same background or culture as them. The effects the KKK left on society caused the Congress to create laws to protect others. To this day, everyone is supposed to be treated equal and acts such as those of the KKK are not acceptable. Bibliography http://sun. menloschool. org/~sportman/ethnic/individual/kkk/ http://www. encyclopedia. com/topic/Ku_Klux_Klan. aspx http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/USAkkk. htm {draw:frame} In the picture above, you can see by the feet that both men and women were active in the KKK.

Concepts, characteristics, and models of B2B and sales from catalogs

Abstract Firms have recognized the ability of B2B e-commerce to act as a hub by connecting businesses in an electronic marketplace. This has led to an increment in the number of firms doing their business operations in electronic way. The e-commerce has transformed business activities that were previously constrained by locations, costs, and time. Business professionals believe that the e-commerce shall eventually transform supply and value chains with effective solutions that can enhance efficiency in specific business processes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concepts, characteristics, and models of B2B and sales from catalogs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Business-to-business (B2B) companies deal directly with other businesses instead of individuals consumers. E-business provides opportunity for firms to handle their operations directly with others in the supply chain because all tran sactions take place on an online platform. B2B enhances the relationship between various organizations for mutually advantageous results. The Internet has offered firms the opportunity to connect with other firms anywhere. This has promoted competition and increased delivery of services. The B2B model assists in enhancing the level of efficiency operations and quality in services without extra costs, and it makes transaction simple at any time and place. The B2B model focuses on four main areas. These include developing strong direct business relationships, improving operational efficiency, promoting business growth, and matching business competition in the marketplace. An online business model has allowed firms to conduct their operations efficiently and enhance timeliness and correctness of business transactions. Thus, they have been able to eliminate errors that result from wrong inputs and subsequent deliveries. Firms also connect directly to their suppliers, which enable them t o develop their relationships and brand images. B2B Concepts B2B e-commerce takes place electronically via the â€Å"Internet, extranets, intranets, or private networks† (Loshin, 2005). It is also known as â€Å"eB2B (electronic B2B) or just B2B† (Loshin, 2005). The three major forms of B2B e-commerce models are mainly transactional, process, and strategic relationships. The transactional model focuses on a given online approach for doing transactions within the supply chain. In addition, it applies the same approach to the whole system. Process-based B2B model takes place between two firms with a common business process. The process enhances efficiency between the two organizations. Strategic relationship model may comprise of two or more firms that have connected their business systems and processes in most areas of business operations.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Firms have adopted e-business because of the inherent values in the technology. The system saves time, reduces costs, workforce, and eliminates most of the errors in business processes. Figure 1: B2B e-commerce models Key business drivers for B2B There are three main factors, which drive e-commerce. These are economic forces, changes in marketing and interactions with customers, and development in technology. Economic forces are mainly evident in areas of cost reduction, efficiency in processes due to availability of technology, low-costs, increased speed in transactions, low costs of sharing and advertising the business, and availability of affordable customer service tools. Economic integration can take place both inside and outside a firm. Externally, integration involves electronic links with other organizations, suppliers, customers, and other business partners. These entities communicate virtually in a single environment in which the Internet is the mode of communication. Conversely, internal integration involves a network of different business units within the firm. A networked system of operations and processes provide effective way of document storage in electronic formats, which allow business departments to transmit information instantly. Corporate intranet is the best example of internal integration of operations and processes among various business units in a firm. This is common in major firms like Cisco, Nestle, IBM, and Intel among others. Marketing forces are responsible for the growth of e-commerce. The aim is to get attention of the global market through marketing and promotion. In this regard, the Internet has been an effective tool for improving customer services and support. Firms have noted that it is simple to provide business information through the Internet to their global customer base.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concepts, characteristics, and models of B2B and sales from catal ogs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The innovation in technology has been responsible for the rapid growth of the e-commerce. For instance, the development in document and data manipulation through digitalization, data transformation, integration, and resolution together with rise in open system technologies have strived to provide a single platform for communication. As a result, communication between partners has become efficient, easy, affordable, and fast as the need to create new forms of communications become irrelevant. For firms, customers, and their partners the possibility of relying on a single platform of communication offers the advantage of a streamed communication method. Technology has enhanced the concept of universal access, as most communication methods become convergence. High costs of setting communication channels like landline in areas with few customers have been a disincentive to many communication firms who focus on return on investment. Direct Sales from Catalogs Businesses usually have â€Å"one catalog for all customers and a customized catalog for each large customer† (Loshin, 2005) with aim of providing an opportunity for efficient customization of services. A direct sale is a company-based B2B model that concentrates on selling products and services. The supplier displays products and services on the catalog alongside a site for selling. The seller is a distributor or manufacturer who deals with several clients. Transactions take place via the Web site, which may be a Web-based platform for large firms or an extranet for small entities. In some cases, small entities have their own secured Web sites for conducting their business transactions. Firms may rely on direct selling through their â€Å"electronic catalogs requests for proposal (RFP), and selling via forward auctions, and or one-to-one dealing under a long-term contract† (Nguyen, 2009). The B2B direct selling allows firms to get the advantage of speedy business processes and elimination of rampant cases of errors. Such firms also have the advantage of reducing â€Å"order processing costs, logistics costs, and paperwork, especially the reduction of buyers’ search costs in finding sellers, competitive prices, and the reduction of sellers’ search costs in advertising to interested buyers† (Nguyen, 2009). Most multinational firms such as Dell and Cisco conduct their business with other organizations through secured online channels in which they can get all the order details as requested by a client.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Businesses have the opportunity to explore the entire catalog, select items, customize the list, save, and send for internal authorization prior to initiating an order. In addition, the platform offers tracking features, which allow customers to track and know the status of their order during the transaction. Still, customers can still track their orders during shipment. In direct sales catalog, a firm may pay fees or commissions for other entities that provided support and value-added services, but this usually depends on whether the distributor has not catered for such costs. A direct sale from catalogs has some limitations, which include â€Å"attracting buyers, channel conflicts, the method of electronic indication, and the required scale to operate efficiently† (Nguyen, 2009). In addition, there might be costs associated with value-added services and hosting services. In 2011, Endeca, a part of Oracle since 2012, conducted a study on the state of the B2B e-commerce in or der to assist other organizations improve their operations and processes. The study established that the â€Å"B2B online catalog and direct sales force continued to be key channels used by customers for decision-making† (Oracle-Endeca, 2012) as mobile platforms also gained a rate of significant growth as compared to previous studies. Merits of B2B e-commerce Businesses have touted the B2B business model as an innovative method of conducting business through the Internet. The model offers effective, efficient, and competitive advantages to users. Generally, the B2B e-commerce allows organizations to gain access to the global marketplace. Business transaction through the Internet has provided several opportunities for sellers and buyers to overcome challenges of time and geography. The system eliminates rampant cases of human errors and support real-time communication between organizations. In addition, Web-based communications have eliminated the need for costly modes of comm unication because businesses in the e-marketplace can afford the Internet. This model has addressed efficiently and effectively challenges associated with the supply chain management between entities. Business can control their supply chains in different processes in making the order (Kalakota and Robinson, 1999). It ends in effective coordination of business activities. The B2B e-commerce strengthens partnership between parties through supply chain management and sharing information for mutual benefits of all parties. In addition, the model has been effective tool for addressing customer relationship management and retention. An effective model helps firms in establishing loyal customers who get value and quality services from the firm. Limitations of B2B e-Commerce There are some challenges with the B2B e-commerce model. Some of these challenges include conflicts within the system, justification for high initial costs, integration challenges with partners who may be on different p latforms, and issues of trust among organizations because of sensitive information shared (Laudon Traver, 2007). In addition, Mohanbir Sawhney noted that most businesses executed their B2B models on a wrong concept (Sawhney, 2002). In most cases, firms already have established networks on managing their supplies. Therefore, if a firm adopts the B2B model, then it must change its operations and systems. Still, the other partners must also change their systems for compatibility. This situation may result in conflicts. The B2B e-commerce may not optimize its revenue generation due to a limited number of transactions. Thus, firms must generate enough revenues from few clients to cater for expenses. Justifying the need for such technologies may be difficult. A firm that has a sufficient number of customers, an established brand, and good prices can experience a thriving selling-side e-commerce. On buying-side, the volume of the trade should be enough to cover all costs in the business. Companies can reduce costs by outsourcing hosting services and value-added supports to its clients. This eliminates the need for running expensive systems. Integration with other systems is also technical aspects that may hinder B2B e-commerce model. Therefore, working with compatible software is necessary to avert operational challenges. New ventures may require initial a large number of buyers and seller to make them viable. However, this may be a challenge as the volume of transactions may not be enough to sustain and justify the costs. Therefore, a venture must have a substantial liquidity to fund the business before the volume of trade can increase. The B2B e-commerce involves â€Å"a full range of services, such as credit verification, insurance, payment, and delivery, is needed to attract small and medium businesses† (Nguyen, 2009). Verification is necessary because of online trading risks. Therefore, businesses would only trade with online firms, which can provide sec urity of their data. Firms must also promote high standards of business ethics in order to develop trust with partners. This also requires effective security measures for privacy and safety of partners. Conclusion Oracle-Endeca research indicated that the growth of B2B e-commerce has grown significantly. However, the model requires innovative approaches in order to thrive. Most businesses have limited their model to buying and selling. However, the model can also cover other areas like â€Å"collaborative commerce(c-commerce) and product life cycle maintenance in a Web-based system to meet final consumer demand by sharing information on product design, production planning, and forecasting or coordination† (Nguyen, 2009). Effective implementation of the model can eliminate challenges associated with the supply chain management and value creation. Most of the B2B e-commerce models face serious challenges of liquidity during initial stages. While some have been able to find buye rs and sellers, the challenge of â€Å"improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the processes by which they interact with existing suppliers and partners† (Sawhney, 2002) has emerged. This problem has escalated to other partners in the chain. The solution for B2B e-commerce is in effective software and solutions for improving business transactions in â€Å"specific business process† (Sawhney, 2002). References Kalakota, R. and Robinson, M. (1999). e-Business: Roadmap for Success. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. Laudon, C., Traver G.C. (2007). E-commerce: Business, Technology, Society (3rd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Loshin, P. (2005). Electronic Commerce. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. Nguyen, D.-D. (2009). Business-to-Business (B2B) Internet Business Models – 2008. Retrieved from http://www.csun.edu/~dn58412/B2B_Models2008.pdf Oracle-Endeca. (2012). 2012 B2B E-Commerce Survey: Results and Trends. Redwood Shores, CA: Oracle Corporation. Saw hney, M. (2002). B2B: Execution of the Concept Is Key to Success. Retrieved from https://www.cio.com/article/2440810/b2b–execution-of-the-concept-is-key-to-success.html This research paper on Concepts, characteristics, and models of B2B and sales from catalogs was written and submitted by user C00per to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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The Writing Guide for a Proper Medicine Term Paper

The Writing Guide for a Proper Medicine Term Paper The essential objectives of higher education are to prepare students for their professional career, teach them to think independently and install the skills necessary to perform scientific research. Therefore, at the end of an academic course, a professor might give the assignment to write a standard research paper. It is also called an academic term paper. However, this type of essay is not necessarily as large as scholarly papers or dissertations, as some high school or college students think. Writing a term paper is not a hard and monotonous task. On the contrary, writing can give an opportunity to delve deeper into the research topic and help develop essential skills needed for future scientific work in the academic field. Certainly, writing a medicine essay may seem like a challenging task by itself, especially if a potential writer has problems with articulating or writing down thoughts. Some students who are writing their first term paper can be intimidated by the complex task ahead of them. However, even if a person thinks that he or she cannot do it or do not know where to start, following a simple guideline and several necessary medicine term paper writing tips and prompts will help develop some essential skills for academic writing, as well as the essential knowledge regarding a medicine term paper format of writing. The Research Stage: Choosing a Suitable Topic Generally, a topic for medicine term paper depends on students’ personal interests and must be relevant to the academic course. Sometimes, a professor can give suggestions for an appropriate research subject that will reflect students aspirations for a research paper. Moreover, the course curriculum might require the medicine term paper to cover a particular issue or a specific disease. There are several examples of general topics for medical term research: Antidepressants The history of discovery, research regarding antidepressant drugs, how they became commonly accepted way of depression treatment, or description of widely used types of antidepressants and their effectiveness. It is straightforward, but an interesting and extensive topic. The Dangers of Substance Abuse This issue is suitable for health-related research where an author can describe the dangers of drug or alcohol abuse and related medical conditions. Moreover, a term paper can be aimed at the analysis of the problem and present suitable alternatives for its solution. Alzheimer’s Disease Because this medical condition can be severely debilitating and large number of people have relatives suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, close examination of this topic will help understand etiology and symptoms of the disease. Vaccination Nowadays, it is a widely discussed topic in social media that becomes a significant dilemma for some parents. The medicine term paper focusing on this issue could discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination, as well as reflect personal opinions and conclusions of the author. Modern Diseases Medical specialists consider several diseases to be specific to the modern community and connected to pollution and global warming. This topic can be explored by explaining how recent changes in environment and lifestyle affect the physical and mental health of an individual. Also, it is possible to make a note of these examples of bad topics: What to Do with Alcoholism? The Cure for Cancer; How to Prolong Human Life; Telekinesis and Brain. Defining a Topic and Developing a Research Question After choosing a topic that fits the sphere of interests of a student, he or she needs to formulate a research question and the goals of the research. A medicine term paper should be focused on specific issues or aimed to find an answer to a particular question. This is a first essential step to writing an academic paper because it will be challenging, or even impossible, to perform and describe medical research without identified and understood objectives. Therefore, to write a comprehensive medical essay, a student should analyze the information and decide on a suitable research objective. Moreover, after formulating a research question, a writer will be able to plan an outline and define a title for a medicine term paper. The list of research questions is based on previously presented examples of medical essay topics: What are the advantages of SSRIs over other antidepressants in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder? In this case, a term paper will be focused on the effects of specific types of antidepressants on the condition of OCD patients. For example, it can present a comparison between SSRI and Clomipramine treatment plans and its outcomes. Based on the knowledge from the college course and information obtained during research what is students’ opinion on the problem of alcoholism? In this essay, it is possible to analyze recent data regarding alcohol abuse in a particular region or country and reflect on issues it introduces in the society. Is it possible to effectively predict the onset of Alzheimer’s disease with the help of MRI? A term research paper based on this narrow topic will analyze existing research aimed at the early diagnosis of the Alzheimer’s disease. It will also attempt to assess MRI’s efficiency in the diagnosis, prediction, and prognosis of this medical condition. Can potential side-effects of vaccinations outweigh outcomes of life-threatening diseases that could have been prevented by the scheduled shots? While this research topic might be controversial, the importance of immunization cannot be overstated. Therefore, an author could evaluate the benefits and possible hazards of vaccination in this medicine term paper. How did an increase in CO2 emission in the last 20 years affect the health of the urban population in the USA? This research question presents the author with an opportunity to address the impact of human-made environmental changes on population health in a specific country. A student could also provide his or her solutions to the problem in this medical term paper. Reading Relevant Literature and Finding Sources for Medicine At this stage, a writer should study primary literature and obtain general information relevant to the topic of the term paper. To answer the chosen research question, a researcher could use information from encyclopedias, textbooks, dictionaries, academic reviews, articles on the Internet. Thus, it will allow understanding the background and important nuances of the chosen research subject. Moreover, a writer will have an opportunity to investigate the conclusions of previous researches on the topic. This stage should not be ignored. Otherwise, it will be difficult to make a coherent plan. Making a Plan or an Outline of a Research Paper When a student gets a general idea regarding the topic of the term paper, it is time to begin drafting an outline. More precisely, the plan of the essay should represent a brief outline of the paper’s structure and help guide the research. However, there are no strict rules regarding an outline, and an approach depends on writers preferences and chosen topic. The general suggestions include breaking up the main question into several subtopics, developing sections within the larger framework, and ensuring logical connections between paragraphs. Furthermore, a brief outline of the medical term paper may be later used in the table of contents. There should be at least one sentence for each paragraph in the outline. Also, this part of the paper should include a brief description of the main idea and issues that must be stated in the particular paragraph. Therefore, an outline should give the reader a clear understanding of the paper’s structure and its central ideas. It is easier to rewrite an outline several times than revise the entire term paper later. Further Reading and the Analysis of Secondary Sources After researching the primary literature, formulating a research question, and completing an outline, students can envision the precise steps required for the completion of the medicine term paper. By now, a writer should know what types of secondary sources would be used and what kind of information to look for. Moreover, college courses usually provide students with lists of necessary textbooks and primary resources which can be successfully used for the essay. However, term paper still should be supported with relevant secondary sources such as peer-reviewed articles in medical journals, academic papers, and dissertations. Search for secondary sources represents a major part of the research process. When writing a medicine term paper, it is especially important to use relevant, respectful, and recent researches because the medical field can radically change in just a few years. Structuring and Compiling the Medical Material After collecting the material and completing research, a student needs to structure information into chapters and paragraphs. Although this stage seems straightforward, there are several pitfalls. Some students, especially in high school, believe that the best approach is to write a large research paper with extensive information. As a result, their medicine term paper can contain 40 pages instead of the required 10. However, this is an erroneous approach because writers are required to emphasize the essential arguments and points of the research. The information that ends up in a term paper should support the conclusions. Therefore, individual chapters with corresponding titles, as stated in the table of contents, comprise the body of the essay. Each chapter, or section, supports a particular part of the thesis or an argument and preserves the integrity of the paper in general. Avoiding Plagiarism in Your Medicine Term Paper Nowadays, finding sources for term papers is relatively easy because of the Internet. However, for the same reason, students should be careful to avoid plagiarism. Most professors accept term papers not just in print, but also in electronic form to examine it through anti-plagiarism software. Therefore, it is necessary to make sure that the term paper is unique by citing every direct quote and adequately paraphrasing any other utilized information. Importance of citing every alien thought or idea cannot be overstated. Plagiarism is not only frowned upon in the academic environment, but it may also lead to expulsion from high school or college in the USA. Providing Arguments and Personal Opinion The goal of writing a term paper is to learn the main academic principles and perform research concluded with arguments and reflections of the student. For this reason, each subject or subtopic should be presented in a separate paragraph. While the first sentence of a paragraph indicates what it is going to be about, each section usually ends with a personal conclusion on the topic. Moreover, although it is important for author’s statements and arguments to be supported by secondary resources, term paper should present the results of personal research and consequent reflections on it. In conclusion, a student is allowed and encouraged to enter in discussion with cited authors by either agreeing or disagreeing with them. Final Stages of Writing a Medicine Term Paper Generally, students should write an introduction and conclusion of the term paper after completing other parts of the research. Although it is clear that the conclusion is added last, the introduction should also be written at the very end. That is because during the research the proposed hypothesis can be refuted, or a student can decide to change the thesis statement. In this case, it is possible to put forward a new hypothesis, corresponding to the conclusions of the performed research. In the final stage of the medical term paper, a student should present a summary of the essay. Moreover, a conclusion of outstanding research should include analysis of the discussed subject and personal reflections of the author regarding its validity and implications. Goals, tasks, and thesis should be logically connected with research results in conclusion. Therefore, these two parts of the term paper, its framework, are written simultaneously. Since the contents of the essay can change several times during the research, it makes no sense to start writing with an introduction. Formatting and Style: Tips from Our Writers Students should adhere to the formatting style specified by their professor or academic guidelines for the type of an essay. There are two commonly used formatting styles for medical term papers AMA and APA. The main difference between them is that AMA style uses superscript numbers for in-text citations. In contrast, APA papers use the author’s name and publication year enclosed in parenthesis. Although most colleges provide guidelines for their preferred style, there are basic rules used in academic writing such as Times New Roman 12 point font and double line spacing. The integral components of the medical term paper include a cover page, references, outline, table of contents, and others as specified by course instructions. Generally, a cover page includes paper title, author’s name, course name, and header with a running title. Another important part of the term paper is a references page which includes all of the sources used by the author with appropriate formatting and in-text citations. Entries in the references should be listed in alphabetical order. After completing all of the stages, it is necessary to proofread and check all the references. Feel how less nervous you are now? Hopefully, our medicine term paper writing guide will be within the close reach at any time you need some useful help with term paper writing in Medicine. The job is as good as done when you’re well-prepared for academic writing. Have a safe trip to the exciting academic writing world!

Exploring Professional Ethics in Accounting Dissertation

Exploring Professional Ethics in Accounting - Dissertation Example This paper illustrates that the number and the fiscal enormity of the corporate scandals and collapses of the late 1990s and early 2000s have inspired numerous theories about what went wrong, where the fault lies and with whom. Business points to the accounting profession whose mission is to audit the financial presentations of management and issue an opinion about the relative fairness of that presentation as whole. The accounting profession has pointed to the changing business environments and the conflicting demands that it has placed on the profession. The accountants have evolved from their role as the â€Å"watchdog† employed by ownership in the 19th century British corporate model to their own multinational corporations themselves representing the independent audit and attestation role, the tax advocacy role, a management consultative role, as well as the provider of many primary accounting and reporting services for clients. The pressures of business and market demands on independent public accountants as well as the conflicting roles that they are called upon to perform has led the profession to defend itself with a sorry â€Å"my clients made me do it† defense. The United States government has responded to these corporate scandals with the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This Act contains the most significant reformation of accounting and public reporting standards since the Securities Act of 1933 and the subsequent Securities Exchange Act of 1934. (Thomas, 2004). Intrinsic to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is the restructuring of public accounting firms that removes the confusion in the role required of the public accountant. In addition, however, the Act has mandated requirements of corporate ownership itself in the form of appropriately trained members of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of each public firm restoring much of the responsibility for management’s deeds to owners. However, as Thomas (2004) states, t here are also significant mandates in ethical behaviors of both industry and public practitioners. But critics of and from both sides all seem to agree that the academy ultimately has an important responsibility of its lack of ethics education to those paraprofessionals in its business and accounting programs. Ghoshal (2003) stated that â€Å"faculty members need to own up to their own role in creating Enrons. It is their ideas that have done much to strengthen the practices they are all now so loudly condemning†. It is reiterated by Merritt (2003) who stated â€Å"to clean up ethics in corporations, you have to start at the beginning of a career. Business school, that is.† These quotes are a representative criticism of business and accounting faculty members offered by many in the literature and popular press. It is that criticism of the academic programs and their teaching faculty that has inspired significant activity in business programs to incorporate ethics into the curriculum. 1.1 Background of the Study The demands for improvement in the ethics education of students preparing to enter the fields of both public and corporate practice have become strident as the reality of business and accounting standards are increasingly at odds with each other. The accounting profession is required to legitimize itself in a way that will restore public confidence in its primary mission. The perception of the role of the CPA according to the Securities Exchange Commission as well as the general public is to serve as a trustworthy guardian of the public interest regarding the proper presentation of financial reports of publicly traded companies. In fact, Briloff (2002) referred to the SEC requirement for an independent auditor’s attestation of companies’ financial statements as an exclusive â€Å"franchise† to the profession. However, in turn, that franchise obligates CPAs to fulfill their

PACS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PACS - Essay Example A PACS consists of at least one or more image acquisition devices (like Computed Tomography Scanners, Ultrasound Scanners, MRI), communication network, a long term storage device and an image review and/or post processing workstation, in other words PACS is used to run medical digital images. All these components enable following processes: image acquisition, image  communication, image storage, image display and image processing. All these processes act as pathways for PACS to improve the quality of diagnosis, extend the reach of services of an expert radiologist, higher efficiency and cost savings (Reiner and Siegel, 2002, 3). Since healthcare is a safety as well as security intense domain, these parameters cannot be compromised. Hence saving and archiving medical images without loosing quality (or information) has been a compelling need of the users of various users dealing with medical images. This concern of the clinicians have been appropriately addressed by a universal standard pertaining to digital medical imaging, this standard is termed as Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (popularly called DICOM). DICOM provides all the tools required for diagnostically correct processing and presentation of medical imaging data (Pianykh). DICOM takes care of data transfer, storage and display protocol that contains sets of standards. DICOM incorporates the following processes: Information Management System  Storage, Query/Retrieve,   Study Component, Query/Retrieve, Results Management, Print Management, Media Exchange. The DICOM Standard takes care of levels of the ISO OSI network model and enables the exchange of information on interchange media. DICOM currently defines an upper layer protocol (ULP) that is used over TCP/IP (independent of the physical network), messages, services, information objects and an association negotiation mechanism. These definitions ensure that any two implementations of a compatible set of services and

Acknowledging Female Stereotypes in Much Ado About Nothing Essay Example for Free

Acknowledging Female Stereotypes in Much Ado About Nothing Essay Women in the Elizabethan age were extremely repressed and discriminated against. Most would not have gone to school or received any type of formal education. They were not allowed to vote, own property, or freely voice their opinions. They were seen as the property of a man, subject to his wants, needs, and not allowed to have their own; men held extremely stereotypical views of their female counterparts that helped them justify the way they treated them. Shakespeare exposes many of these injustices and biases in his stage plays, which are still commonly read and performed today. In Much Ado About Nothing, Claudio moves from seeing women (specifically Hero) as goddesses and wives to adulterers, and then back again to his original views. Claudio initially views Hero according to the established stereotypes, in Act 1, Scene 1 as property. When first speaking of Hero, he refers to her as the â€Å"daughter of Signor Leonato;† while this appears to be simply for identification purposes, he actually relinquishes the power of her name to her guardian (1. 1. 119). Instead of calling her by her given name, Hero, Claudio names her in relation to her more powerful male owner. He goes on to ask Benedick if she is a â€Å"modest young lady,† not wondering only if she is sweet, but if she is literally a virgin (1. 1. 121). A womans virginity was extremely valuable in Elizabethan England, and determined her worth as a potential wife. This outright inquiry into her purity foreshadows the later scandal surrounding it. Benedick asks Claudio if he would buy her, and Claudio responds with a seemingly noble hypothetical question: â€Å"Can the world buy such a jewel?† (1 1 134). While his question seems to imply that she is so valuable that the entire worlds money could not purchase her, it still perpetuates the stereotype that women are pieces of property, albeit very beautiful and expensive ones. Later in the same scene, Claudio demonstrates Elizabethan men’s views of women through Shakespeare’s thematic messages. He remarks that â€Å"in mine eye, [Hero] is the sweetest lady that ever I looked on† (1 1 139). This introduces a reoccurring theme of Much Ado About Nothing of seeing and perception. Here, and later on in the play, Claudio bases his opinions of Hero on her outward beauty and appearance of piety. In addition, the words â€Å"mine† and â€Å"I† stress the importance of Claudio himself, the important, powerful male in the situation. One notes Shakespeares wordplay in the pun implied when â€Å"eye† and â€Å"I† sound interchangeable when spoken aloud. Another theme surfaces in the use of the word â€Å"sworn† in line 144 of Act 1, Scene 1, whereby Claudio makes evident that his honor depends on peoples perception of him and, by proxy, his future wife, Hero. Also notable is the hope he expresses that Hero would â€Å"be [his] wife†, in that he uses language again pertaining to himself; where he could have wished that Hero would â€Å"marry him† or something similar, he instead wishes her to become his property. Claudio reveals that he has had an interest in Hero for a while before their present conversation about her. He admired her before he went away to war, but more pressing, important, masculine issues took his mind off her. This implies that matters of the heart were less valued by men than duty and honor, and that his current infatuation with Hero is sort of an afterthought, something to pursue as he is now bored. This distant, material admiration for Hero quickly turns to contempt when he thinks that Don Pedro has taken her for himself in Act 2, Scene 1. When Don John and Borachio tell him about his friends betrayal, Claudio seems to be angrier with Hero than with the man who stole his prospective bride. He claims â€Å"beauty is a witch, against whose charms faith meltheth into blood† (2 1 135-6). This demonstrates the stereotype that Elizabethan men held of women being easily turned to adulterers – it seems to be her evil beauty that lured Don Pedro into supposedly winning her over for his own. This is again an insult to Claudios pride; Don John and Borachio use forms of the word â€Å"swear† when recounting Don Pedros supposed conquest of Hero, calling to mind how Claudio swore to marry her in the first act. Claudio denounces Hero, and wishes Don Pedro â€Å"joy of her,† once again suggesting women to be objects of personal property, solely existing to fulfill the desires of man. When it is confirmed that Don Pedro was indeed just performing his friendly duties, Claudio instantly reverts to his view of Hero as a perfect, virginal, almost goddess-like potential wife. He says to Hero: â€Å"Lady, as you are mine, I am yours: I give away myself for you, and dote upon the exchange† (2 1 233-4). Claudio acknowledges that Hero is now his property, and as that is an accepted custom in Elizabethan England, it is therefore deemed heroic that he gives himself to her, as well. Using the word â€Å"exchange† suggests a formal transaction of property, which is what is really transpiring between Claudio and Leonato. Claudio expresses his anticipation for the wedding, as time moves slowly â€Å"till love have all his rites† (2 1 269-70); the two meanings of rites as the actual ceremony and rights as a husband provide insight into this. He feels a necessity for their union to be official, as legally marrying Hero will give him legal ownership of her, and her property. Though he claims to love her, his affection could ultimately be seen as a want of her dowry. Claudio shows his opinions of women in his comical description of Beatrice’s love for Benedick in Act 2, Scene 3. He describes her grief over her unrequited love in a ridiculous way, saying that she threw a savage fit. This implies Beatrice, and by extension all women, to be controlled and weakened by their emotions. Claudio says that Hero had told him that Beatrice would surely die if her situation with Benedick progresses in any direction, again poking fun at womens irrationality. He suggests she wear herself out by talking to someone about her love, as though she were a small child throwing a temper tantrum. Like most men of his time, Claudio appears to believe that womens perceived lack of control of their emotions made them less worthy of esteem. His view of women again turns cynical again when he receives news in Act 3, Scene 2 that leads him to believe that Hero has had an affair with another man. Don John uses the word â€Å"disloyal† to describe her actions, and Claudio repeats that word in outrage and confusion about this blow to his honor (3 2 76). Being â€Å"disloyal† seems worse than most other things, in that it has wounded Claudios pride and reputation. The prefix â€Å"dis† is extremely negative and poignant. He emphasizes that if he sees anything with his own eyes, he will believe these accusations. He describes the issue as â€Å"mischief strangely thwarting,† and extends that description to all women in general; here he shows that he has moved from seeing women as wives and goddesses to adulterers and shrews. At their wedding ceremony in Act 4, Scene 1, Claudio spitefully and ironically addresses Hero with all sorts of virginal, innocent, pure language like â€Å"maid† (4 1 19). He again describes her as property in calling her a â€Å"rich and precious gift,† yet this time it is with an air of contempt and scorn (4 1 23). Continuing the theme of perception and sight, he calls Hero â€Å"but the sign and semblance of her honor,† implying that she merely put on a facade of virginity and purity (4 1 28). He asks the attendees of the wedding and, by extension, the audience, to acknowledge that her innocence is merely a show. Claudio accuses her girlish blush to be truly that of guilt and shame. Where previously he has referred to Hero as a maid, here he calls her only â€Å"like† a maid; this literal comparison emphasizes his change of feeling toward her and her sex. He facetiously describes her as the goddess of chastity and the moon, Diana, and of an unopened flower bud virgin in appearance only. Then he compares her to Venus, goddess of sexuality, and even to mindless beasts that act only on impulse and instinct. In the line â€Å"Marry that Hero, Hero itself can blot out Heros virtue,† he proclaims that women are the source of their own downfall (4 1 75). Where her outward appearance was that of a virtuous young lady, her perceived actions lead Claudio to believe her to be a whore. Although one could argue that Claudios view of women was that of all Elizabethan men, including Shakespeare himself, the development of Benedicks opinions show that this is not true. He begins the play disliking the idea of marriage and especially marriage to Beatrice, yet, through the dramatic action, he learns to love and appreciate her for her previously detested intelligence and wit. Benedick learns to value women for the humans they are, and yet Claudio still sees them as property at the end of the play. This suggests that Shakespeare realizes that, although he can bring attention to the issue of gender equality in his works, he cannot expect the audience to fully accept his ideas. Claudio constantly moves between stereotypes in his views of women in this play: he alternatively sees Hero as wife, goddess, adulterer, and everything in between. Shakespeare’s specific word choice and themes revealed in Much Ado About Nothing provide insight into how women were actually thought of and treated in Elizabethan England, and how the author himself believed they should be. Today, the centuries-old fight for gender equality is far from over. But, like Shakespeare, we can hope that all women will eventually be respected as equals, like Beatrice. Works Cited McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Shakespeare, William. Much Ado about Nothing. Ed. Mary Berry and Michael Clamp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.