The Role Of Community Gardens Function With Health, Food,...

The Role of Community Gardens How Do Community Gardens Function with Health, Food, and Communities Mariana Gozalo Virginia Commonwealth University Abstract Community gardens have been becoming more popular throughout the years because they provide fresh produce to the population of close neighborhoods. They are able to give the less fortunate access to healthy foods, and able to donate produce to food pantries. There have been studies that research how communities’ gardens have impacted local neighborhoods and communities. Because of the previous studies, a random sample of neighborhoods, and communities will be taken from selected random community gardens in Richmond, Virginia to assess their garden and see which aspect of it really influenced the benefits the most. They will be given a questionnaire, and to compare their health and crime rate before and after a community garden existed in their area. It is expected that communities that have more active participants have better health, and in areas where there is community gardens, there is much more less crime. Keywords: Community Garden, Health, Food, Neighborhood, Crime Community gardens are pieces of land that are gardened by groups of people to provide fresh produce and plants. They are usually developed in communities that have unused land, and for people to grow their own fruits and vegetables. Community gardens benefit the public of lower socioeconomic status neighborhoods in manyShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Promoting Growing Your Own Food And Its Nutritional Value1509 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are more than 40 school-based community gardens. These are projects on a much smaller scale than what I’m proposing. The benefits of teaching youth the importance of growing your own food and its nutritional value would have a positive effect for decades to come. The Colorado School of Public Health has data on Denver Urban Garden efforts and how it has led to a tangible, positive change in the community’s health and food security. School-based community gardens help to create a bridge betweenRead MoreCommunity Engagement Strategy : Relat ionship Between A School, Parents, And Community935 Words   |  4 Pages Community Engagement Strategy Strong relationship between a school, parents and community is essential to develop a positive impact in student learning. In 2008 the Family-School Partnerships Framework – A guide for schools and families (2008) was developed to maintain an effective partnership between all members of the school community, including teachers, families and students’. The Framework was set by the national parent bodies in Australia – the Australian Council ofRead MoreEssay about Nutrition in Public Health 1165 Words   |  5 PagesNutrition in public health: Objectives: Ensure that students acquire specific knowledge for the analysis of food and nutrition problems in population groups. Identify the causal factors of the state of nutrition in communities. Be able to take part in the planning and programming for prevention and control activities within the field of nutrition in public health. Program: I. Concept of public health: Historical evolution. Population and food. Quality of life and socioeconomic developmentRead MoreWorld Hunger Today812 Words   |  3 Pageswe replace fishing with gardening. Education is our strongest weapon against the growing threat to food security. Community gardens can also play a key role in uniting and strengthening community relationships. The Lichgate garden is a beautiful and tranquil place. The flowers bloom in gorgeous colors and trees give shade to sweaty volunteers and paths create a peaceful and soothing setting. The garden is well maintained and it required little weeding and tending. You can just tell by listening thatRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Obesity Among Individuals 65 Years Old And Above779 Words   |  4 Pages(2011) pointed out â€Å"obesity exacerbates the age-related decline in physical function† which corresponds to a surge in skilled nursing home [SNF] admission secondary to frailty and inability to care for themselves (p. 1219). Because people w ho are considered obese and elderly are at higher disk of functional decline, the physical therapist [PT] should possess basic knowledge on nutritional wellness to educate and promote health and overall wellness in this particular population. For this reason, aRead MoreProposal Of Action At A Nearby Facility1626 Words   |  7 Pagesdifference. Ending hunger in America is a goal that is literally within our grasp.† (Bridges) Our main goal is to strengthen and motivate our community while ensuring a larger facility to support our youth and their future. Introduction Due to an increase of children, Sweet Denali has evaluated the building capacity to support our Summer Food Service Program (SFSP). We have considered relocating our business due to our rising numbers in providing free meals to low-income children. OurRead MoreAn Obese Town of St. Albans in Queens, New York Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe town of St. Albans is located in Queens, New York. It is a part of District 12, which also includes Hollis, Rochdale, South Jamaica, Northern Springfield Gardens, and Jamaica Center. Its population is predominantly African American. It was the home to many celebrities throughout the years including James Brown, Ella Fitzgerald, Joe Lewis and Jackie Robinson. The average age of the residents of this town ranges from late 30s to early 50s. Linden Blvd., which is the most centrally located roadRead MoreWhy Food We Eat Matter?1037 Words   |  5 Pages Why does the food we eat matter? For many years in the human race we have always been told that you are what you eat, and to this day it still remains true. Food is essential and is a need in life, but most of the time many take it for granted. junk food can have one of the greatest impacts on the body. Fries, chips, candy bars and sodas are heavily processed and also stabilized with preservatives. When eating those types of foods, the body can’t do anything with the emptyRead MoreEssay1444 Words   |  6 Pageswave of anxiety and trepidation; the apprehension and fear drained the vigor out of me. The adventure was punctuated by a tumultuous sea of thoughts: â€Å"What did I just get myself into? Am I ready for this? What can I do for residents that live in a food desert?† That fear, and angst, vacillated between my place of solace, the surroundings that I am accustomed to, and a veil of uncertainty, an unexplored terrain. Though, since then, I have surveyed those uncharted territories, begun to devel op answersRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1375 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment Using Gordon’s functional health patterns to assess a family will guide the nurse in developing a comprehensive nursing assessment that is holistic in nature. Gordon’s functional health patterns are founded on 11 principles that are incorporated within the nursing practice. These 11 principles serve as a framework for a thorough nursing assessment in which to build a holistic and individual family care plan (Grand Canyon University, 2011). The author has developed family-focused

Is Online Learning As Good - 1589 Words

Is Online Learning as Good as Face-to-Face Learning? Technological advancement has brought up new ways of doing things. Traditionally, the manufacturing industry had to employ hundreds of workers to ensure that work was done in the right manner. They had to lift heavy machinery or use forklifts to ensure the heavy machineries were fixed in the correct place. Technological advancement brought about the principle of robotics. Companies are happy in the modern times to use robotics in manufacturing, thus eliminating the need for many workers and professionals. Once the robot has been computerized or programmed, it is able to perform all machinery work with minimal or no supervision and still produces the same results compared to human factor that produces varying results with the same input. Likewise, education has taken advantage of technological advancement; not only are books being bought and rented, they are read online. Online learning is a modern time invention that was necessitated by the need from the many people who finance education for their own benefit, the working class, the international students and the marginalized class. With online education, one is able to learn more conveniently and undertake other responsibilities with ease (Coates et al 4-7). One does not have to hurry to attend classes since online classes can be conducted from the convenience of home or any other location. Face-to-face learning allows the instructor to get individual attention fromShow MoreRelatedOnline Learning Is Good Or Traditional Learning?847 Words   |  4 Pagesfast, is online learning. It is very easy to take online classes via internet. People taking online classes do not go to a college campus, so they do everything from home using technology. Some people think that online learning is not good because it has many drawbacks. For example, online learning involves cheating and lack of class interaction, so they do not want to see it in their education system. On the other hand, other people think that it is very helpful and offers new learning opportunitiesRead MoreOnline Education : An Effective Way For Students991 Words   |  4 PagesOnline education has been proven to be an effective way for students to finish their college career. Since online education started, students who decide to take online courses have now many opportunities to finish their career without having to be on campus. Online education gives students who have a very tight schedule the opportunity to take classes online without having to worry about being on a classroom. Students who usually take courses online tend to think that it can be easier, rather thanRead MoreChildren Should Be Playing Video Games For Learning1027 Words   |  5 PagesCreating games which involve education would speed up the process of learning and make it easier for kids to solve questions faster. Personally I believe that kids should be playing video games for learning. It would speed up the process because people are online globally 24 hours a day. My seven reasons that computer games would be good for learning are†¦ 1. It would speed up the process of learning because people are online globally 24 hours a day. 2. Technology is advancing 3. Kids enjoy beingRead MoreEssay Advantages of an Online Education1332 Words   |  6 PagesAdvantages of Online Education Is online education a valuable innovation that improves opportunities for students or is it a poor substitute for traditional, classroom-based teaching? It has long been recognized that students and educators need to use a variety of tools in order to keep up with the skills that are needed in the contemporary world. Online education is becoming popular, but some people raise questions about its effectiveness in comparison to traditional learning. While teachers willRead MoreOnline Learning and the Adult Learner Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesadults are capable of today. The gadgets and gizmos available now would only be dreams then. Technology, and the ever growing availability of mobile technology, has moved us light years ahead from the days of learning solely by experience, hardbound books and in brick-and-mortar learning establishments. However, there seems to be a growing gap between the knowledge necessary to succeed in life, and the things learned and available yesteryear . Today more than ever, adult learners require solutionsRead MoreOnline Learning Is A Thing Of The Future942 Words   |  4 Pages Online learning has become a thing of the future. Online learning become very popular in today’s society as a form of obtaining a college degree. Online learning is growing in numbers by the day and the numbers will probably increase in the future. This way of learning has spiral over communication by via internet, television, and conventional colleges as well. The thought of getting a degree in the convenience of your home, working a full time job, cheaper than conventional educationRead MoreOnline Distant Learning Is Not Beneficial Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesOnline Distant learning is Not Beneficial to Learners Online distant learning programs help make the easy connection of students in a program connect to the more accessible home environment in a simple way. Students are now given the option of getting their education and making their own schedules, without going through a second person in an easy more efficient way. Consequently, to succeed in online courses and programs the student must have good time management, a computer or laptop, and internetRead MoreOnline Learning As A Form Of Education Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pagesindustry. At the same time, online learning, as a form of distance education, â€Å"imposes itself strongly and becomes a core concern of human thought and modern life.† (Saleem, 2016, p.53). As an untraditional method of education, online learning is very different from traditional ones. Those different make the outcome of online learning hard to be evaluated and examined. However, due to its low cost and high flexibility, online learning can help people a chieve life-learning and may have a profound influenceRead MoreEducation Anytime, Anywhere1035 Words   |  4 Pagesonto an online learning program may Young adults may love the idea of not having to travel and worry about perfect attendance at a set time, but instead walking to a computer to sign onto an online learning program. After thirteen years in school, a desire for a relaxed academic schedule is not uncommon for a college student. The occurrence of online education programming has progressed over time, making an impression on students who are looking for a nontraditional way of learning. Online educationRead MoreBehaviorism contends that desired behavior from people is formed by the actions and reactions of1000 Words   |  4 Pagesbehaviorists, all learning is observable and measurable. Learning occurs in a behaviorist classroom as a result of responses to stimuli in the environment that are usually reinforced by the teacher, as well as feedback from actions on certain learning objects. The teacher helps the student learn through conditioning them by explicitly identifying the desired behavior in ways that are measurable and observable. Programmed instructions, applying the principle of faultless learning in designing instructional

Subjective Performance Evaluations Careers â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Subjective Performance Evaluations Careers? Answer: Introduction Human resources ought to be the primary possession of any company or organization. An associational culture that refuses to adapt measures of progress and development, will lead to weak commitments towards employees and this may further result in lack of dedication on the part of the employees (Anitha Begum, 2016). The employees of developing business organizations face the following hindrances: personality clash, mental stress, excessive workloads, insufficient assets, poor leadership qualities, absence of transparency, unhealthy work environment and degrading health conditions. Majority of the afore-mentioned hindrances is likely to get resolved with proper execution of performance management. The following report aims at analyzing such instances. Organizations should neither inflate nor deflate performance level ratings of employees based on economic conditions Performance evaluation plays a significant role in a workers employment experience (Aguinis, 2009, Chapter 6). However, the evaluations are conducted by higher authorities and they are likely to nurture mysterious motives. One of the primary targets of utilizing a performance based remuneration framework is to inspire workers to invest more efforts. As indicated by organization hypothesis, connecting salary to execution persuades employees to invest more efforts to enhance execution, in light of the fact that expanded execution brings about expanded pay. At the point, when high officials evaluate performance subjectively, this interpretation gets affected, as supervisors possess both intention and chance to manipulate appraisals and inclinations upset the connection amongst fees and functioning. Thus, it is anticipated that operation assessment inclinations impact the motivational aspect of the execution based remuneration design. Centrality inclination gives rise to an unbalanced pa y-to-functioning proportion. Since compression is accomplished by negating the rating of good workers and increasing the appraisal of poor performers, subsequently the scenario is that the good performers need to invest more effort, as compared to poor performers, in order to obtain a similar rating (Cappelli Conyon, 2018). This compression of evaluation negatively influences incentives, since it reduces the probability that good performers or workers will rely on the fact that their enhanced performance will bring about an increment in their salary (Rubin Edwards, 2018). On account of high officials inclination, every stage of execution gets a superior rating and resultantly more pay. The above-mentioned liberal attitude has adversely influenced motivational forces, in light of the fact that the worker needs to invest less effort to achieve a high level of recompense. For instance- an employee of my previous office had been receiving increments, despite of putting up poor perform ance; this further infused slackness in him. The impact of biasness or inclination is equivalent to bringing down the execution targets, which diminishes worker incentives. (Frederiksen, Lange Kriechel, 2017) (Jacobs, Belschak Hartog, 2014) Ethical implications of actions Two strategies for evaluation are utilized, to be specific execution rating scale and performance appraisal. Execution rating scale is portrayed by any particular significant opportunity. Its outcomes have been optional in nature. The strategy has not proved itself to be much effective in the domain of workers advancement. The afore-mentioned two evaluation methods gives rise to certain moral questions, evidently workers might begin thinking about whether they are surveyed in fair and just manner and may feel not acknowledged as no actual recognition is assigned to their advancement. To support with an instance- a diligent employee from my previous company felt dejected at the unfair means of evaluation and ultimately was compelled to quit the job. The term appraisal itself is generally associated with control and absence of trust and consequently individuals are somewhat unwilling to experience one and are managing an assortment of negative feelings (Rosen et al., 2017). Appraisal, ethically, ought not to be unidirectional, sole voice of the manager must not be heard during appraisal, the concerned worker must be vocal. Bidirectional contribution which empowers employees to execute a role in the examination. Effect of these actions on the base salary of new hires Owing to miserable accounting and tax deductions, many states of the nation were unprepared for the recession and consequently failed to maintain a stable financial stature. The financial depression is likely to lower the basic salaries of new employees. There is a probability of omission of other financial facilities such as pension plans. For instance- the new recruits of the previous company, were not offered a standard salary scale. Conclusion Thus, from the above discourses it might be concluded that dedication amongst workers ranges from frail commitments to massively potent commitments. However, organizational culture adaptability plays a vital part in determining the degree of dedication of any chosen employee. Involvement of employees is intrinsically associated with flexibility and constancy. Additionally, several other factors (mission, consistency and others) have a positive impact on performance management practices. These practices enhance the success of organizations by enhancing capacities of workers. References Aguinis, H. (2009).Performance management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Anitha, J., Begum, F. N. (2016). Role of organisational culture and employee commitment in employee retention.ASBM Journal of Management,9(1), 17. Cappelli, P., Conyon, M. J. (2018). What Do Performance Appraisals Do?.ILR Review,71(1), 88-116. Frederiksen, A., Lange, F., Kriechel, B. (2017). Subjective performance evaluations and employee careers.Journal of Economic Behavior Organization,134, 408-429. Jacobs, G., Belschak, F. D., Den Hartog, D. N. (2014). (Un) ethical behavior and performance appraisal: the role of affect, support, and organizational justice.Journal of business ethics,121(1), 63-76. Rosen, C. C., Kacmar, K. M., Harris, K. J., Gavin, M. B., Hochwarter, W. A. (2017). Workplace politics and performance appraisal: A two-study, multilevel field investigation.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,24(1), 20-38. Rubin, E. V., Edwards, A. (2018). The performance of performance appraisal systems: understanding the linkage between appraisal structure and appraisal discrimination complaints.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-20.

Intra- and interpersonal perception free essay sample

How does intra- and interpersonal perception (understanding yourself and other people) contribute to individual success both at university and later at work? In this world of change and complexity, studying hard at school and dedicating at work are not enough to succeed at university and workplace. There are many factors affecting one’s life. The main factor comes from inner world of an individual. As the saying goes: nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. Therefore, deepen the understanding of inner world of is important to an individual. Moreover, in order to succeed at both university and later at work, having intra- and interpersonal perception are vital for an individual. This essay will discuss how does intra- and interpersonal perception contribute to individual success both at university and later at work by mainly focused on that enhanced study result by self-monitoring and raised work performance by communication with colleague. We will write a custom essay sample on Intra- and interpersonal perception or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Interpersonal perception is a type of social psychology, it means how you perceive a target, and the target can be a person apart from yourself (David A, 1994). In laymen’s terms, interpersonal perception can be defined as how much does an individual understand about the others. The purpose of having an interpersonal perception is to communicate with others successfully and get advantages from the successful communication. Having a better understanding of others can lead an individual to be success at both University and later at work. This essay will further discuss about this point in the following paragraphs. In order to communicate with others successfully, an individual must first learn to communicate with himself or herself. That means having a better understanding of our inner feeling is needed. This can be called as intrapersonal perception. In the daily life, an individual may not perfectly understand about what the inner feeling is when acting different behaviors. This will cause an individual to feel uncomfortable. Therefore, having an intrapersonal perception is very important. In order to develop intrapersonal perception, individuals should be able to describe what they strive for as their own personal values, vision and objective (Hanbury, Sapat, Washington, 2004). Intrapersonal perception will be built after having a deeper understanding of an individual’s goals of life. Therefore, it allows an individual to adjust his or her behaviors and reduce the feeling of uncomfortable. After having an intrapersonal perception, an interpersonal perception can be developed by enhancing communication with others. But above all, both perceptions can lead an individual to succeed at work and University. Intrapersonal perception can help students to get a better study result at University and enhance performance at job by increasing self-monitoring and self-awareness. When an individual knowing more about himself or herself, disadvantages will be found and hence increases their self-awareness. Bercher pointed out that accurate self-regulation can help a student to get a better result and greater performance at school (2012). When a student can be aware of his or her state of study, they will be able to adjust their performance. More importantly, students should clearly know about themselves at first. Secondly, they will find out what behaviors and what disadvantages should be improved in order to achieve the goals of study at school. At last, students will adjust their study methods or put more effort on study. As a result, the goals will be easier to accomplish and the study progress will be under their control. Moreover, intrapersonal perception can help an individual to be success at workplace. Employees’ attitude is very important to their performances at work. A positive attitude can lead an employee to accomplish a task more easily. When the employees knowing more about themselves, they can clearly know about what are their goals at work and what should they do to achieve the goals. Therefore, employee’s work attitude will be changed positively caused by their self-awareness. Performance and workplace behavior will also be improved. When an individual can own the ability of self-monitoring at workplace, attitude and workplace performance will be continently adjusted, it leads an individual to be success at work by having a higher performance. Furthermore, having an interpersonal perception can help an individual to obtain a higher result at both University and workplace by improving communication skill and increasing communication with others. Firstly, different types of group project are needed in the University. Having a better understanding of the others can help to obtain a successful coordination and get a better performance at group project. When the others thinking are highly understood by an individual, the individual will be able to coordinate with them in a more suitable way (Abele, Stasser, 2008). That means the communication with others will be improved and it leads to a successful coordination. Additionally, when a student having a better understand of other schoolmates, he or she can be able to compare their differences in study method, and hence to make an adjustment in order to improve study result. Also, having an interpersonal perception can benefit an individual at work. When an individual having a deeper understand of others, he or she can find an appropriate way to interact with them and obtain a better performance at work (Vrinda, 2001). Knowing others is an important skill, it helps an individual to analyze others behavior. Once an individual can be able to understand colleagues at workplace more accurately, he or she can communicate with them in a more suitable way and can have a better coordination. It will decrease conflict and enhance working result. Apart from improving working performance by appropriate interaction with others, interpersonal perception can also help an individual to get a job more easily and keep the job. Because it helps an individual to have a higher understanding of the examiner’s mind. In conclusion, intra- and interpersonal perception help an individual to have a self-monitoring ability and a better communication skill. Therefore, the performance at work and study progress at University of an individual can be improved by continually self-monitoring and enhancing interaction with others. Also, it allows an individual to obtain a higher study result and to have a better performance at workplace. Finally, intra- and interpersonal perception can help an individual to be success bot at university and later at work.

Rotary Engine Essay Example

Rotary Engine Essay Example Rotary Engine Essay Rotary Engine Essay Svetlozar Simeonov 09/25/11 Wankel Rotary Engine – Huge Power in a Small Box According to Philip’s Encyclopedia Wankel rotary engine or just Wankel engine is â€Å"Internal combustion engine with rotors instead of pistons. † That not so popular engine is actually about two times lighter than a four cylinder piston engine, the one that we all have in our cars, for the same power output. It also has four times less moving parts. Much simpler, much lighter, much smaller it has numerous advantages over a conventional piston engine. One of the most simple and clear explanation of how the Wankel engine works oppose to piston engine comes from Time magazine: â€Å"Instead of converting up-and-down piston motion into wheel-driving circular energy through a series of complex linkages- the way a standard engine works- the Wankel rotors spin continuously and thus provide the proper torque to move a cars wheels directly. † (Time Aug 14 1972). It has four times less moving parts versus four cylinder engine. Therefore, Wankel engines â€Å"are smaller, peppier and potentially cheaper to build than conventional reciprocating models, and have only six major points of wear, v. 00 in a conventional engine† (Time Aug 14 1972). The Wankel engine was reviled in 1956 by its engineer Felix Wankel (The Columbia Encyclopedia – internal-combustion engine). The first mass production car powered by Wankel engine was released in 1967 by the Japanese manufacture Mazda. It was a reference design, twin –rotor 9 82cc, outputting 110 hp. That made the 2000 pounds Cosmo model pretty zippy. Mazda quickly introduced 2 more models in 1970 and with prices significantly lower than its competition Mazda’s success rapidly increased. Seeing the growing interest, 2 of the largest automobile manufactures in the world– General Motors and Mercedes-Benz – purchased license to produce vehicle with this technology. General Motors even had a Corvette on the way, when the 1973 oil crisis changed everything over. The Wankel engine at the time was less fuel efficient, so the sales suddenly dropped down so low that Mazda was a step away from bankrupt. They changed their strategy and rotary cars became a special line, instead of mainstream. Then and now, Mazda is the only manufacture to truly stand by this technology. It improved it radically in terms of output and fuel efficiency. Their last generation engine, called Renesis, used since 2003 in RX-8, has the same output like the previous generation 250hps, red line topping at 10 000 rpms. However, it is naturally aspirated, where the previous one was twin-turbo charged. The Renesis is also 25% more efficient. Sadly it wasn’t enough, and the RX-8 was discontinued in August 2011, with no successor announced. With the slow pace of its evolution, I hope we can see the next generation at the end of this decade. Mazda and the Wankel engine have won many awards and races. The most prestige one is the success in 1991 in the annual â€Å"24 hours of Le Mans†, leaving behind drivers and teams with traditions like Mercedes, Jaguar and the frequent winner Porsche. The four-rotor engine outputting 700 hp lead the team first to the finish, regardless their start position – 55. As William Welch states, in his recent publication in USA Today, â€Å"the only Japanese car and only non-piston engined car to win the grueling French race† (William M. Welch, USA Today 08/23/2011). â€Å"Sanctioning bodies outlawed the engine after the win at Le Mans† and close the history of Wankel powered cars at this scramble (William M. Welch, USA Today 08/23/2011). That win however, confirmed the Wankel reputation of power and durability. Even though the Renesis was a big step forward, it was still a step behind the longer lived piston engine in terms of fuel economy. That was its only drawback, but enough to turn a lot of people away. Not so many had the chance to experience the fun side of this fast revving motor. Fossil fuels, like gasoline, are fated to become extremely rear and expensive and it looks like Mazda engineers are getting prepared for this scenario. In interview for Reuters news agency from 2007 Mazda executive Nobuhiro Hayama revealed their new strategy: â€Å"Researchers at Japanese carmaker Mazda think cars will in future run on water component – hydrogen. †¦the advantage hydrogen fuel was that it could be used in internal combustion engines. However †¦ there is a risk of abnormal combustion. This could be solved by using rotary engines† (Tokyo Reuters Oct 22 2007). That means that a slightly modified RX-8 could reborn and satisfy the need of cheaper run and exciting pull, equipped with â€Å"two fuel tanks, though† (Tokyo Reuters Oct 22 2007). We would expect the price to remain the same, since no direct modification to the engine is needed, and the car has paid of its investments already. It looks like a bright future for the Wankel. Removed paragraphs Taking in consideration the minimum moving parts of the Wankel engine, the aerocraft industry quickly realized its lifesaving advantage. In case of internal engine damage the engine would not fail right away. It will continue delivering power that will decrease with time. Its weight and size made it preferable for many small plane manufactures. It let the engineers improve aero dynamics of the plane nose, due to the smaller engine. The first complete Wankel engine was reviled in 1956 by its engineer Felix Wankel (The Columbia Encyclopedia – internal-combustion engine). Since then, the engine received many improvements. The main contributor is the Japanese manufacture Mazda that started a line of sport cars with Wankel engines in mid-1960. The first model, named Cosmo, had a good success and two more models were released in 1970. Seeing the potential in this relatively new technology, a few more automobile manufactures build their own sport car prototypes including Mercedes-Benz and General Motors. The second had a prototype of the legendary Corvette. As every invention, this one also has disadvantage – fuel efficiency. Hit by the first oil crisis in 1973, all manufactures except Mazda canceled their plans for a production Wankel powered car. Even more Mazda almost bankrupted, since they completely had abandoned reciprocating (piston) engines. Today Mazda is the only one to mass produce Wankel engine cars, and it has made huge, but slow progress in this field. The last generation named RX-8 had achieved better output with lower fuel consumption – huge step forward from the previous RX-7.

Introduction to the Lapita Cultural Complex

Introduction to the Lapita Cultural Complex The Lapita culture is the name given to the artifactual remains associated with the people who settled the area east of the Solomon Islands called Remote Oceania between 3400 and 2900 years ago. The earliest Lapita sites are located in the Bismarck islands, and within 400 years of their founding, the Lapita had spread over an area of 3,400 kilometers, stretching through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, and eastward to Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. Located on small islands and the coasts of larger islands, and separated from one another by as much as 350 kilometers, the Lapita lived in villages of stilt-legged houses and earth-ovens, made distinctive pottery, fished and exploited marine and aquacultural resources, raised domestic chickens, pigs and dogs, and grew fruit- and nut-bearing trees. Lapita Cultural Attributes Pottery making workshop demonstrating Lapita pottery styles as part of Heritage Month 2017 in New Caledonia. Gà ©rard Lapita pottery consists of mostly plain, red-slipped, coral sand-tempered wares; but a small percentage are ornately decorated, with intricate geometric designs incised or stamped onto the surface with a fine-toothed dentate stamp, perhaps made of turtle or clamshell. One often-repeated motif in Lapita pottery is what appears to be stylized eyes and nose of a human or animal face. The pottery is built, not wheel thrown, and low-temperature fired. Other artifacts found at Lapita sites include shell tools including fishhooks, obsidian, and other cherts, stone adzes, personal ornaments such as beads, rings, pendants and carved bone. That artifacts are not completely uniform throughout Polynesia, but rather seem to be spatially variable. Tattooing The practice of tattooing has been reported in ethnographic and historical records throughout the Pacific, by one of two methods: cutting and piercing. In some cases, a series of very small cuts is made to create a line, and then pigment was rubbed into the open wound. A second method involves the use of a sharp point which is dipped into the prepared pigment and then used to pierce the skin. Evidence for tattooing in Lapita cultural sites has been identified in the form of small flake points made by alternating retouch. These tools sometimes categorized as gravers have a typically square body with a point raised well above the body. A 2018 study combining use-wear and residue analysis was conducted by Robin Torrence and colleagues on a collection of 56 such tools from seven sites. They found a considerable variation across time and space as to how the tools were used to intentionally introduce charcoal and ochre into wounds to create a permanent mark on the skin. Origins of the Lapita Young men in canoes in Northwest Malakula, Vanuatu.   Russell Gray Heidi Colleran (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History) In 2018, a multidisciplinary study of DNA by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History reported support for ongoing multiple explorations of greater Oceania beginning about 5,500 years ago. The study led by Max Planck researcher Cosimo Posth looked at the DNA of 19 ancient individuals across Vanuatu, Tonga, French Polynesia and the Solomon islands, and 27 inhabitants of Vanuatu. Their results indicate that the earliest Austronesian expansion began 5,500 years ago, starting from modern-day Taiwan, and ultimately carrying people as far westward as far as Madagascar and eastward to Rapa Nui. About 2,500 years ago, people from the Bismarck archipelago began arriving on Vanuatu, in multiple waves, marrying into the Austronesian families. The continual influx of people from the Bismarcks must have been fairly small, because islanders today still speak Austronesian, rather than Papuan, as would be expected, given that the initial genetic Austronesian ancestry seen in the ancient DNA has been almost completely replaced in the modern residents.   Decades of research have identified obsidian outcrops used by the Lapita in the Admiralty Islands, West New Britain, Fergusson Island in the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, and the Banks Islands in Vanuatu. Obsidian artifacts found in datable contexts on Lapita sites throughout Melanesia have allowed researchers to refine the previously established massive colonization efforts of the Lapita sailors. Archaeological Sites Lapita, Talepakemalai in the Bismarck Islands; Nenumbo in the Solomon Islands; Kalumpang (Sulawesi); Bukit Tengorak (Sabah); Uattamdi on Kayoa Island; ECA, ECB aka Etakosarai on Eloaua Island; EHB or Erauwa on Emananus Island; Teouma on Efate Island in Vanuatu; Bogi 1, Tanamu 1, Moriapu 1, Hopo, in Papua New Guinea Sources Johns, Dilys Amanda, Geoffrey J. Irwin, and Yun K. Sung. An Early Sophisticated East Polynesian Voyaging Canoe Discovered on New Zealands Coast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.41 (2014): 14728–33. Print.Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth. Ancient DNA and the Human Settlement of the Pacific: A Review. Journal of Human Evolution 79 (2015): 93–104. Print.Posth, Cosimo, et al. Language Continuity Despite Population Replacement in Remote Oceania. Nature Ecology Evolution 2.4 (2018): 731–40. Print.Skelly, Robrt, et al. Tracking Ancient Beach-Lines Inland: 2600-Year-Old Dentate-Stamped Ceramics at Antiquity 88.340 (2014): 470–87. Print.Hopo, Vailala River Region, Papua New Guinea.Specht, Jim, et al. Deconstructing the Lapita Cultural Complex in the Bismarck Archipelago. Journal of Archaeological Research 22.2 (2014): 89–140. Print.Torrence, Robin, et al. Tattooing Tools and the Lapita Cultural Complex. Archaeology in Oceania 53.1 (2018): 58â⠂¬â€œ73. Print.Valentin, Frà ©dà ©rique, et al. Early Lapita Skeletons from Vanuatu Show Polynesian Craniofacial Shape: Implications for Remote Oceanic Settlement and Lapita Origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.2 (2016): 292–97. Print.

Maritime Manegement 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Maritime Manegement 2 - Essay Example The strength of the economy, its location, resources, population size and political influence contribute to its power. During the establishment of the China’s economy that is in 1949, the economy was modeled on Soviet model as suggested by Wang and Chin-Keong (2004). This was after the communist revolution. As a result, China ended up its connection with the capitalist world. China’s economic model involved the formation of state controlled heavy industries which were financed by capital acquired from agriculture. China substituted its imports with domestic goods so as to acquire foreign exchange to buy goods and technology. China’s economy has contributed a lot to the development of the shipping operations which are part of their economy. China is one of the countries with the most ample shipping resources. The China’s coastal areas offer the highest percentage of the countries imports and exports value. This is an advantage as it creates a good environme nt for fast and healthy development of the countries maritime industry. With the development of the maritime industries, the economy of China has experienced continuous and strong growth momentum. This has led to an increase in both trans-regional and multinational trading systems. China’s maritime industry has been growing rapidly to meet the expanding requirements for foreign exchange. Since the adoption of its reforms and the open policies, the international shipping industry is now increasing while promoting healthy development of the industry. China’s economy has steadily grown since 1990. The steady growth in economic demands has brought a great opportunity for Chinese shipping industry development. China is currently one of the world’s largest countries capable of offering comprehensive package of shipping activities in the ocean. It fleets cover a greater range including traditional bulk and more value added tonnages. The China’s growing economy h as effects on transport routes between China and Europe. The economy has also contributed to the opening of the Arctic Ocean summer route for both countries according to Liu (2009). To provide healthy transportation of containers, there are number of challenges shipping industry should deal with. One of the challenges is how to survive the Arctic’s harsh climate. The development strategy behind this is enhancing the coordination between the two countries towards improving the condition of the Arctic Ocean. Secondly is the issue of occurring changes in the Arctic Ocean and its commercial implications. The growing Chinese economy is partnering with the Europe to counter the challenge. In Europe, china is the second major partner in trading activities after the US. For both countries that is China and Europe, maritime transport makes a vital contribution to their energy strategies. This has been through establishing more shipping routes and energy diversification. China and Euro pe have economic interest aimed at developing their routes of transport along the coast of northern Russia. To ensure safety in the Arctic region, Europe and China should improve their corporation in research activities. Should also enhance information exchange and add on the formation of reliable systems of monitoring and forecasting. Both countries should also provide safe and effective maritime operations in the Arctic Ocean. China’s political activities have developed with the expansion on the countries